Propaganda and Influence Operations

Differences between propaganda, persuasion, and manipulation

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In October 2022, researchers at the Stanford Internet Observatory documented a coordinated inauthentic behavior campaign across multiple platforms that exemplified the blurred lines...

⏱ 6 min read
Disinformation and Fake News

History of disinformation: from propaganda to the internet age

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In September 2016, Facebook disclosed that Internet Research Agency (IRA) operatives purchased over 3,000 politically divisive advertisements, reaching an estimated 126 million American...

⏱ 6 min read
Online Radicalization

The stages of online radicalization

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In March 2022, researchers at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue documented a 324% increase in extremist recruitment attempts targeting Ukrainian refugees across major...

⏱ 7 min read
Cognitive Biases and Mental Vulnerabilities

What are cognitive biases

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In December 2023, researchers at the Stanford Internet Observatory documented a sophisticated disinformation campaign targeting European audiences through exploiting confirmation bias and availability...

⏱ 6 min read
National Doctrines and Strategies

What is an information warfare doctrine

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In October 2024, NATO formally designated cognitive warfare as a sixth operational domain alongside land, sea, air, space, and cyber. This classification emerged...

⏱ 7 min read
Documented Operations

What is a documented influence operation

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In March 2022, the Stanford Internet Observatory published a comprehensive analysis of a documented influence operation spanning six years across 281 platforms, involving...

⏱ 7 min read
Case Studies and Analysis

How to analyze an influence operation: methodology

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In February 2022, the Stanford Internet Observatory documented a sophisticated coordinated inauthentic behavior campaign targeting European audiences during the early weeks of Russia’s...

⏱ 6 min read
Information Geopolitics

What is information geopolitics

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In October 2022, the Digital Forensic Research Lab documented a coordinated information operation targeting European energy security discourse. The campaign, traced across 15...

⏱ 5 min read