Information Geopolitics

Information as a strategic weapon between nations

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In February 2022, security researchers at the Stanford Internet Observatory documented a coordinated influence operation targeting audiences across 16 countries through a network...

⏱ 6 min read
Deepfakes and Audiovisual Manipulation

History of deepfakes: from Hollywood to AI

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In October 2023, cybersecurity researchers at DarkTrace documented a 3,000% increase in deepfake-enabled social engineering attacks targeting financial institutions over an 18-month period....

⏱ 5 min read
Neuromarketing and Commercial Persuasion

History of neuromarketing: from advertising to neuroscience

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In 2016, Cambridge Analytica harvested Facebook data from 87 million users to build psychological profiles for political advertising. Open-source evidence from the Facebook-Cambridge...

⏱ 6 min read
Conspiracy Theories

Difference between real conspiracies and conspiracy theories

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In March 2022, the Stanford Internet Observatory documented a coordinated inauthentic behavior campaign across multiple platforms targeting European audiences with fabricated evidence of...

⏱ 6 min read
Human Factor in Cybersecurity

Why people are the weakest link in security

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In December 2022, the Stanford Internet Observatory documented a sophisticated multi-platform influence campaign targeting users across Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Telegram. The operation,...

⏱ 6 min read
Cognitive Defense

Why we need cognitive defense in the digital age

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In October 2022, security researchers at Stanford Internet Observatory documented a sophisticated cross-platform influence operation targeting U.S. midterm elections. The operation, later designated...

⏱ 6 min read
Social Media Manipulation

How social media algorithms work

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In October 2021, whistleblower Frances Haugen presented internal Facebook documents to Congress revealing how social media algorithms systematically amplify divisive content to maximize...

⏱ 6 min read
Image about history of psychological warfare
Psychological Warfare (PSYOPS)

History of psychological warfare: from Sun Tzu to NATO

SITUATION ASSESSMENT In March 2022, researchers at the Stanford Internet Observatory documented a coordinated inauthentic behavior network that deployed Ancient Chinese military philosophy alongside modern...

⏱ 6 min read